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Age differences in leaf mesostructure parameters in cultivated Panax ginseng C.A. Mey.
High polymorphism and autotetraploid origin of the rare endemic species Oxytropis chankaensis Jurtz. (Fabaceae) inferred from allozyme data
Medicinal plants of the Kurile Islands - a book from Zhuravlev et al.
Reproduction of the rare plant species in Primorye - a book from Voronkova et al.
from Yuliya A. Khrolenko and Olga L. Burundukova
Institute of Biology & Soil Science, Vladivostok, Russia
Contacts:
khrolenko@ibss.dvo.ru
burundukova@ibss.dvo.ru
The roots of Panax ginseng have been used extensively in traditional Asian medicine. P. ginseng takes approximately 6 years for their roots to be suitable for harvest. P. ginseng is obligate shady plant whose natural habitats are the broadleaf forests of Eastern Asia. Studies on this plant have shown an optimal growth at light intensities about 15-30 % of full sunlight. The method of mesostructural analysis developed by A.T. Mokronosov (1978) is the most promising and widely used in the ecological and physiological research. Previously we have used a mesostructure analysis in the study of individual variability in the populations of cultivated ginseng (Zhuravlev et al., 1994). The purpose of present paper was to study the age variability of leaf mesostructure in the cultivated ginseng populations.
Materials and methods
The samples for analysis were collected from the industrial plantation in Primorsky region (city Dalnegorsk, the Russian Far East). The quantitative anatomy of photosynthetic tissues of 6 groups of cultivated ginseng from seedlings to six years old plants had been studied.
Mesostructure analysis
This analysis included the data on the main characteristics of the leaf structure: area and thickness, cells and chloroplast size, chloroplast and cell amount per unit of the leaf area, chloroplast number per cell, some integral indices: total surface of mesophyll cells (Ames/A) and total surface of chloroplasts (Achl/A).
Quantitative traits were measured at blooming time in the disk probes from the terminal leaflet of the complex leaf. Sampled disks were fixed in 3.5 % glutare aldehyde in 0.15 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.0. Leaf thickness (15 replicates) was measured on transverse sections under the light microscope, using an ocular micrometer. The number of chloroplasts per cell was counted under the light microscope in a single cell layer in pressed preparations (30 replicates). The number of cells per unit leaf area was determined in macerates of fixed leaf discs in 20% KOH at 50-60°C. The concentration of cells in suspension was calculated using a hemocytometric chamber (20 replicates), which is commonly used for the quantitative analysis of the blood cells (Gorjaev chamber) under a light microscope. The leaf of P. ginseng has no differentiation on the palisade and spongy cells, i.e. that mesophyll determined as homogenous mesophyll. Spongy mesophyll cells have an irregular shape, which makes it impossible to describe their surface area as a simple geometrical model that is commonly used in methodology worked out by A.T. Mokronosov and R.A. Borzenkova (1978); T.K. Gorishina (1989).
In this paper another approach has been used to determine cell surface area. At first, we prepared the cell suspension, which is used, for calculated number of cells per unit leaf area. Then the shape mesophyll cells (n=50) copy on the paper, using a drawing apparatus (DA-6). Next, these drawings were sent to computer program, using scanner. Volume and cell surface area calculated on the following equations: Vcell = Sp×hc ; Scell = 2Sp + (hc×P), where Sp is a cell projection area, hc is a cell high and P is a cell perimeter.
Present analysis includes the study of age variability of 2 quantitative traits of stomatal apparatus (size and number per unit of the leaf area).
Result and discussion
The results show large differences between these groups. The main differences are associated with leaf size, number of cells, stomata and chloroplast per unit of the leaf area, and cell size. Six years old plants have the highest number of cells (150×103/cm2), stomata (4.6×103/cm2), chloroplast (6.5×105/cm2) per unit of the leaf area and area of the middle leaflets (83 cm2). On the other hand, the six-year-old plants have the lowest cell size (32×103µm3) and cell volume per one chloroplast (0.71×103µm3). In comparison to the 1 year old, 6 years old leaves have about 2-fold higher total surface of mesophyll cells (Ames/A). An average and high level of age variability is characteristic for majority traits (Ñv 10-25%). Level of variability of plastid number per cell was lower (Cv 4.7 %), but level of variability of area of the middle leaflets was larger (Cv 104%) in comparison with that of other parameters. Level of age variability of stomatal density was larger in comparison with that of size stomata (Cv 18 and 7.8 %, respectively). Significance of these data for use in selection purposes was discussed. These changes in internal leaf structure at different life stages of P. ginseng may be an adaptation for increased geliomorphy from the seedling to adult plant. Some studies have shown a close correlation of rate of CO2 assimilation with Ames/A, number of chloroplast per unit of the leaf area (Nobel et al., 1975; Nobel, 1977). The maximal net assimilation rates and stomatal and mesophyll conductance to CO2 transfer were markedly lower in 1 year old than in six years old leaves. The adaptive advantage of higher stomatal density is to be associated with leaf cooling, which provides an avoidance of a heat resistance at high temperatures. In principle, an increase in stomatal density could allow plants under well-watered conditions to increase conductance for gas exchange at the leaf surface and, thus, to avoid photosynthetic limitation by sub-optimal CO2 supply. Since ginseng grows under constant light conditions from seedlings to adult plants (30% of full sunlight) it limited photosynthesis and productivity of ginseng plantation. In principle, gradually elevated light intensity (but moderate) at last years of ginseng cultivation may be increasing the yield.
References
Gorishina T.K. Photosynthetic apparatus and environment. Leningrad, 1989. 203p.
Mokronosov A.T. Mesostructure and functional activity of photosynthesis apparatus. Sverdlovsk, 1978. P. 5-30.
Mokronosov A.T., Borzenkova R.A. Procedure of quantitative estimation of the structure and functional activity of photosynthesizing tissues and organs // Bulletin of applied botany, genetics and plant breeding. Leningrad, 1978. Vol. 61, N 3, P. 119-133.
Nobel P.S., Zaragoza G.J., Smith W.K. Relation between mesophyll surface area, photosynthetic and illumination level during development for leaves of Plectranus parviflorus Henckel.// Plant Physiol. 1975. Vol. 55, N 4. P. 1067-1070.
Nobel P.S. Internal leaf area and cellular CO2 resistance: photosynthetic implications of variations with growth conditions and plant species // Plant Physiol. 1977. Vol. 40, N 1, P. 137-144.
Zhuravlev Yu.N., Burundukova O.L., Koren O.G., Zaytseva Yu.A., Kovaleva E.V. Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer: Biodiversity evaluation and conservation // Proceed. International Ginseng Conference "Challenges of the 21st century". Vancouver, 1994. P. 162-168.
Full publication
Khrolenko Y.A. & Burundukova O.L. (2001): Age differences of leaf mesostructure parameters in cultivated Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. Rastitelniye resursy [Plant resources], 3: 54-59. (In Russian) ISSN 0033-9946
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High polymorphism and autotetraploid origin of the rare endemic species Oxytropis chankaensis Jurtz. (Fabaceae) inferred from allozyme data
Alla B. Kholina, Olga G. Koren and Yuri N. Zhuravlev
Institute of Biology & Soil Science, Vladivostok, Russia
Contacts:
kholina@ibss.dvo.ru
Oxytropis chankaensis Jurtz. is an insect-pollinated herbaceous perennial plant with very narrow geographic range. It occurs on sands in restricted zone along the west shore of Khanka Lake (Primorye, Far East of Russia). The species was listed in the Rare Plant Species Book of Far East of Russia (Kharkevich, Kachura, 1981) and in the Red Book of Primorskii Krai (The list.., 2002).
O. chankaensis is a tetraploid with 2n = 32 (Gurzenkov, 1973). Using starch gel electrophoresis, we examined 19 enzyme systems presumably controlled by 35 loci in the rare endemic tetraploid species O. chankaensis Jurtz. (Fabaceae). Electrophoretic patterns and their genetic interpretation are presented. The isozyme data suggest tetrasomic inheritance in O. chankaensis. Three or four alleles at a particular locus were found in a number of individual plants, which indicate the autotetraploid origin of this species. Seventeen loci were shown be polymorphic. As reliable gene markers for population systems, we recommend highly active polymorphic systems showing good allozyme separation (Ce-2, Gpi-2, Gpt-2, Idh-2, Lap, Mdh-2, and Mdh-3).
Parameters of allozyme variability proved to be very high for a rare species with a restricted range: P = 48.6%, Ap = 3.06, Hob = 0.173. The genetic variation level in O. chankaensis was rather high as compared with the mean values of genetic diversity in other rare and endemic species (Godt et al., 1996; Gitzendanner, Soltis, 2000). It may be largely explained by tetrasomic inheritance in autotetraploid species linked with increased polymorphic loci proportion, the number of alleles per locus and heterozygosity.
Full publication
Kholina A.B., Koren O.G. & Zhuravlev Y.N. (2004): High polymorphism and autotetraploid origin of the rare endemic species Oxytropis chankaensis Jurtz. (Fabaceae) inferred from allozyme data. Russian Journal of Genetics. 40(4): 393-400. (Translated from Genetika. 2004. 40(4): 497-505) ISSN 0016-6758.
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Medicinal plants of the Kurile Islands
Yuri N. Zhuravlev, Nina M. Voronkova, Vyacheslav Y. Barkalov & Alexander A. Voronkov
Institute of Biology & Soil Science, Vladivostok, Russia
Contacts:
zhuravlev@ibss.dvo.ru
The book includes the descriptions of 148 medicinal plants of the Kurile Archipelago. Every description contains the information about morphology, phenology, common in continental and island area, the seed and vegetative methods of multiplication including chemical composition, pharmacological properties and therapeutic application of plants in the scientific and traditional medicine of Russia and some other countries. The list of plants described includes Achillea asiatica, Acorus calamus, Actinidia arguta, Actinidia kolomikta, Adenophora pereskiifolia, Adiantum pedatum, Adonis amurensis, Agastache rugosa, Allium schoenoprasum, Antennaria dioica, Anthriscus sylvestris, Arabis pendula, Aralia cordata, Aralia elata, Arctium lappa, Arisaema japonicum, Artemisia arctica, Artemisia japonica, Asarum heterotropoides, Asparagus schoberioides, Astragalus alpinus, Betula ermanii, Betula platyphylla, Bidens tripartita, Boschniakia rossica, Brassica juncea, Calystegia japonica, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Carum carvi, Celastrus orbiculata, Chelidonium asiaticum, Chenopodium album, Chloranthus japonicus, Cicuta virosa, Cimicifuga simplex, Codonopsis lanceolata, Convallaria keiskei, Corydalis ambigua, Crataegus chlorosarca, Cucubalus japonicus, Dicentra peregrina, Digitalis purpurea, Dioscorea batatas, Dracocephalum argunense, Drosera rotundifolia, Dryopteris crassirhizoma, Empetrum sibiricum, Epilobium pyrrhicholophum, Equisetum arvense, Equisetum hyemale, Eriophorum vaginatum, Erythronium japonicum, Euonymus sieboldiana, Euphorbia sieboldiana, Fagopyrum tataricum, Fragaria iinumae, Galium boreale, Gastrodia elata, Glehnia littoralis, Gnaphalium uliginosum, Goodyera repens, Grossularia reclinata, Gymnadenia conopsea, Hemerocallis yezoensis, Humulus lupulus, Huperzia selago, Hypericum erectum, Ilex rugosa, Inula japonica, Juglans ailanthifolia, Juniperus sargentii, Kalopanax septemlobus, Lathyrus japonicus, Ledum decumbens, Lespedeza bicolor, Linaria japonica, Lobelia sessilifolia, Lonicera chrysantha, Lycopodium clavatum, Lycopus lucidus, Lysichiton camtschatcense, Lysimachia davurica, Lythrum salicaria, Maackia amurensis, Magnolia hypoleuca, Mentha canadensis, Menyanthes trifoliata, Metaplexis japonica, Milium effusum, Miscanthus sinensis, Oenanthe javanica, Osmunda japonica, Oxycoccus palustris, Padus ssiorii, Paeonia obovata, Parnassia palustris, Patrinia scabiosifolia, Pedicularis resupinata, Pedicularis verticillata, Petasites amplus, Phalaroides arundinacea, Phragmites australis, Picea ajanensis, Picris japonica, Plantago asiatica, Plantago major, Platanthera maximowicziana, Pleurospermum uralense, Polemonium boreale, Polemonium schizanthum, Polygonum aviculare, Potamogeton distinctus, Pyrola japonica, Quercus dentata, Rhodiola integrifolia, Rhododendron aureum, Ribes latifolium, Rosa acicularis, Rosa rugosa, Rubia jesoensis, Rubus arcticus, Rubus parvifolius, Rumex aquaticus, Sanguisorba officinalis, Sanicula chinensis, Schisandra chinensis, Senecio cannabifolius, Setaria viridis, Solanum tuberosum, Sorbus commixta, Spirodela polyrhiza, Stachys aspera, Stellaria media, Taraxacum officinale, Taxus cuspidata, Thermopsis lupinoides, Triglochin maritimum, Trillium apetalon, Trillium tschonoskii, Typha latifolia, Urtica platyphylla, Vaccinium uliginosum, Viburnum furcatum, Viburnum sargentii, Vicia amoena, Viola mandshurica, Viola tricolor and Zostera marina.
Full publication
Zhuravlev Y.N., Voronkova N.M., Barkalov V.Yu. & Voronkov A.A. (2004): Medicinal plants of the Kurile Islands. Dalnauka, Vladivostok. 306 pp. (In Russian). ISBN 5-8044-0448-2.
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Reproduction of the rare plant species in Primorye (the Russian Far East)
Nina M. Voronkova 1, Svetlana V. Nesterova 2 and Yuri N. Zhuravlev 1
1 Institute of Biology & Soil Science, Vladivostok, Russia
2 Botanical Garden-Institute, Vladivostok, Russia
Contacts:
voronkova@ibss.dvo.ru
The book presents the first information on the seed and vegetative propagation of rare and endangered plant species of Primorye. It includes 104 species, of which 103 species are recommended for the regional protection. 53 species are included in the "Red Data Book of the Russian Federation" and 42 species in the "Red Data Book of the USSR".
The information given in this book concerns morphological characteristics of seeds, their sizes, mass of one thousand seeds, conditions for germination of seeds, their laboratory and ground germinating capacity as well as morphometric characteristics of seedlings, techniques of vegetative propagation and possible ways for reproduction in nature. The list includes the descriptions of Acer komarovii, Aconitum sichotense, Actinidia giraldii, A. arguta, A. polygama, Aldrovanda vesiculosa, Ampelopsis japonica, Aralia continentalis, Arisaema japonicum, Aristolochia manshuriensis, Armeniaca mandshurica, A. sibirica, Belamcanda chinensis, Bergenia pacifica, Betula schmidtii, Brasenia schreberi, Callistephus chinensis, Cephalanthera longibracteata, Cerasus glandulosa, C. sargentii, Coniogramme intermedia, Cypripedium calceolus, C. guttatum, C. macranthon, Dendranthema chanetii, Dennstaedtia wilfordii, Desmodium oldhamii, Deutzia glabrata, Dioscorea nipponica, Ephedra monosperma, Epimedium koreanum, Filifolium sibiricum, Fritillaria ussuriensis, Galium paradoxum, Gastrodia elata, Girardinia septentrionalis, Glycyrrhiza pallidiflora, Halosciastrum melanotilingia, Hedysarum ussuriense, Ilex rugosa, Iris ensata, I. oxypetala, I. ventricosa, Juniperus rigida, Kalopanax septemlobus, Larix olgensis, Lespedeza cyrtobotrya, L. tomentosa, Ligularia vorobievii, Lilium buschianum, L. callosum, L. cernuum, L. distichum, L. lancifolium, L. pensylvanicum, L. pseudotigrinum, L. pumilum, Lychnis cognata, L. fulgens, Meehania urticifolia, Megadenia speluncarum, Microbiota decussata, Micromeles alnifolia, Mimulus stolonifer, Nelumbo komarovii, Nepeta manchuriensis, Oplopanax elatus, Oreorchis patens, Osmundastrum claytonianum, Oxalis obtriangulata, Oxytropis chankaensis, Paeonia lactiflora, P. obovata, P. oreogeton, Panax ginseng, Partenocissus tricuspidata, Pentaphylloides mandshurica, Pinus densiflora, Polystichum craspedosorum, Primula jesoana, Prinsepia sinensis, Pueraria lobata, Pyrus ussuriensis, Quercus dentata, Rhodiola rosea, Rhododendron fauriei, Rh. mucronulatum, Rh. schlippenbachii, Rh. sichotense, Ribes ussuriense, Sanguisorba magnifica, Scilla scilloides, Schisandra chinensis, Scutellaria baicalensis, Smilax maximowiczii, Sorbaria rhoifolia, Symplocarpus renifolius, Syringa wolfii, Taxus cuspidata, Trapa natans, Viola rossii, Weigela praecox and Zoysia japonica.
Full publication
Voronkova N.M., Nesterova S.V. & Zhuravlev Y.N. (2000): Reproduction of the rare plant species in Primorye. Dalnauka, Vladivostok. 145 pp. (In Russian). ISBN 5-7442-09-30-1.
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